View source for R

{{Short description|Programming language for statistics}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox programming language
| name = R
| logo = R logo.svg
| logo size = 121px
| screenshot = R terminal.jpg
| screenshot caption = R terminal
| released = {{Start date and age|1993|08}}
| designer = [[Ross Ihaka]] and [[Robert Gentleman (statistician)|Robert Gentleman]]
| developer = R Core Team
| typing = [[dynamic typing|Dynamic]]
| influenced = [[Julia (programming language)|Julia]]<ref name="Introduction">{{cite web |url=https://docs.julialang.org/en/stable/manual/introduction/#man-introduction-1 |title=Introduction |work=The Julia Manual |access-date=2018-08-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620172516/https://docs.julialang.org/en/stable/manual/introduction/#man-introduction-1 |archive-date=20 June 2018 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
| platform = [[arm64]] and [[x86-64]]
| license = [[GNU GPL#Version 2|GNU GPL v2]]<ref name="gnugpl" />
| website = {{Official URL}}
| wikibooks = R Programming
| paradigms = [[Multi-paradigm programming language|Multi-paradigm]]: [[Procedural programming|procedural]], [[Object-oriented programming|object-oriented]], [[Functional programming|functional]], [[Reflective programming|reflective]], [[Imperative programming|imperative]], [[Array programming|array]]<ref name="Morandat">{{cite journal|last1=Morandat|first1=Frances|last2=Hill|first2=Brandon|last3=Osvald|first3=Leo|last4=Vitek|first4=Jan|date=11 June 2012|title=Evaluating the design of the R language: objects and functions for data analysis|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-31057-7_6|journal=European Conference on Object-Oriented Programming|volume=2012|pages=104–131|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-31057-7_6|access-date=2016-05-17|via=SpringerLink}}</ref>
| latest release version = {{wikidata|property|edit|reference|P348|P548=Q2804309}}
| latest release date = {{start date and age|{{wikidata|qualifier|P348|P548=Q2804309|P577}}}}
| latest preview version = {{wikidata|property|edit|reference|P348|P548=Q51930650}}
| latest preview date = {{start date and age|{{wikidata|qualifier|P348|P548=Q51930650|P577}}}}
| influenced_by = {{startflatlist}}
* [[Lisp (programming language)|Lisp]]
* [[S (programming language)|S]]<ref name="R FAQ">{{Cite web |last1=Hornik |first1=Kurt |last2=The R Core Team |date=2022-04-12 |title=R FAQ |url=https://cran.r-project.org/doc/FAQ/R-FAQ.html#What-are-the-differences-between-R-and-S_003f |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228045640/https://cran.r-project.org/doc/FAQ/R-FAQ.html |archive-date=2022-12-28 |access-date=2022-12-27 |website=[[R package#Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN)|The Comprehensive R Archive Network]] |at=3.3 What are the differences between R and S?}}</ref>
* [[Scheme (programming language)|Scheme]]<ref name="Morandat" />
{{endflatlist}}
| file_ext = {{Unbulleted list|.r<ref>{{Cite web|title=R scripts|url=http://mercury.webster.edu/aleshunas/R_learning_infrastructure/R%20scripts.html|access-date=2021-07-17|website=mercury.webster.edu}}</ref>|.rdata|.rhistory|.rds|.rda<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-06-09|title=R Data Format Family (.rdata, .rda)|url=https://www.loc.gov/preservation/digital/formats/fdd/fdd000470.shtml|access-date=2021-07-17|website=Loc.gov}}</ref>}}
}}

'''R''' is a [[programming language]] for [[statistical computing]] and [[Data and information visualization|data visualization]]. It has been adopted in the [[Academic discipline|fields]] of [[data mining]], [[bioinformatics]], and [[data analysis]].<ref>{{Cite journal
  |last1=Giorgi
  |first1=Federico M.
  |last2=Ceraolo
  |first2=Carmine
  |last3=Mercatelli
  |first3=Daniele
  |date=2022-04-27
  |title=The R Language: An Engine for Bioinformatics and Data Science
  |journal=Life
  |language=en
  |volume=12
  |issue=5
  |page=648
  |doi=10.3390/life12050648
  |pmid=35629316
  |pmc=9148156
  |bibcode=2022Life...12..648G
  |doi-access=free }}</ref>

The core ''R'' language is augmented by a large number of [[R package|extension packages]], containing reusable code, documentation, and sample data.

''R'' software is [[Open source|open-source]] and [[free software]]. It is licensed by the [[GNU Project]] and available under the [[GNU General Public License]].<ref name="gnugpl">{{Cite web |title=R - Free Software Directory |url=https://directory.fsf.org/wiki/R#tab=Details |access-date=2024-01-26 |website=directory.fsf.org}}</ref> It is written primarily in [[C (programming language)|C]], [[Fortran]], and [[Self-hosting (compilers)|R itself]]. Precompiled [[executable]]s are provided for various [[operating system]]s.

As an [[interpreted language]], ''R'' has a native [[command line interface]]. Moreover, multiple third-party [[graphical user interface]]s are available, such as [[RStudio]]—an [[integrated development environment]]—and [[Jupyter]]—a [[notebook interface]].

== History ==
[[File:Ross Ihaka (5189180796).jpg|thumb|left|Ross Ihaka, co-originator of R]]
''R'' was started by professors [[Ross Ihaka]] and [[Robert Gentleman (statistician)|Robert Gentleman]] as a programming language to teach introductory statistics at the [[University of Auckland]].<ref name="otago_pg12">{{Cite web
  |last=Ihaka
  |first=Ross
  |title=The R Project: A Brief History and Thoughts About the Future
  |url=https://www.stat.auckland.ac.nz/~ihaka/downloads/Otago.pdf
  |page=12
  |url-status=live
  |quote=We set a goal of developing enough of a language to teach introductory statistics courses at Auckland.
  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228043824/https://www.stat.auckland.ac.nz/~ihaka/downloads/Otago.pdf 
  |archive-date=2022-12-28
  |access-date=2022-12-27}}</ref> The language was inspired by the [[S (programming language)|S programming language]], with most S programs able to run unaltered in ''R''.<ref name="R FAQ"/> The language was also inspired by [[Scheme (programming language)|Scheme's]] [[lexical scoping]], allowing for local variables.<ref name="Morandat"/>

The name of the language, ''R'', comes from being both an S language successor as well as the shared first letter of the authors, Ross and Robert.<ref>{{Cite web
  |last1=Hornik
  |first1=Kurt
  |last2=The R Core Team
  |date=2022-04-12
  |title=R FAQ
  |url=https://cran.r-project.org/doc/FAQ/R-FAQ.html#Why-is-R-named-R_003f
  |url-status=live
  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228045640/https://cran.r-project.org/doc/FAQ/R-FAQ.html
  |archive-date=2022-12-28
  |access-date=2022-12-28
  |website=[[R package#Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN)|The Comprehensive R Archive Network]]
  |at=2.13 What is the R Foundation?}}</ref> In August 1993, Ihaka and Gentleman posted a [[Binary file|binary]] of ''R'' on [https://lib.stat.cmu.edu/datasets/ StatLib] — a data archive [[website]]. At the same time, they announced the posting on the ''s-news'' mailing list.<ref name="Interface98">{{Cite web
  |last=Ihaka
  |first=Ross
  |title=R: Past and Future History
  |url=https://www.stat.auckland.ac.nz/~ihaka/downloads/Interface98.pdf
  |url-status=live
  |page=4
  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228071311/https://www.stat.auckland.ac.nz/~ihaka/downloads/Interface98.pdf 
  |archive-date=2022-12-28
  |access-date=2022-12-28}}</ref> On December 5, 1997, ''R'' became a [[GNU project]] when version 0.60 was released.<ref>{{Cite web
  |last=Ihaka
  |first=Ross
  |date=1997-12-05
  |title=New R Version for Unix
  |url=https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/1997/000014.html
  |url-status=live
  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212133422/https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/1997/000014.html
  |archive-date=2023-02-12
  |access-date=2023-02-12
  |website=stat.ethz.ch}}</ref> On February 29, 2000, the first official 1.0 version was released.<ref name="otago_pg18">{{Cite web
  |last=Ihaka
  |first=Ross
  |title=The R Project: A Brief History and Thoughts About the Future
  |url=https://www.stat.auckland.ac.nz/~ihaka/downloads/Otago.pdf
  |page=18
  |url-status=live
  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228043824/https://www.stat.auckland.ac.nz/~ihaka/downloads/Otago.pdf 
  |archive-date=2022-12-28
  |access-date=2022-12-27}}</ref>

== {{Anchor|CRAN}}Packages ==
{{Main article|R package}}
[[File:Ggplot2 Violin Plot.png|alt=refer to caption|thumb|[[Violin plot]] created from the R visualization package [[ggplot2]]]]
[[R package]]s are collections of functions, documentation, and data that expand R.<ref name="rds_pagexvii">{{cite book
  | last1 = Wickham
  | first1 = Hadley
  | last2 = Cetinkaya-Rundel
  | first2 = Mine
  | last3 = Grolemund
  | first3 = Garrett
  | title = R for Data Science, Second Edition
  | publisher = [[O'Reilly Media|O'Reilly]]
  | year = 2023
  | page = xvii
  | isbn = 978-1-492-09740-2
}}</ref> For example, packages add report features such as [[RStudio#Reproducible analyses with R Markdown vignettes|RMarkdown]], [https://quarto.org/ Quarto], [[knitr]] and [[Sweave]]. Easy package installation and use have contributed to the language's adoption in [[data science]].<ref name="Chambers2020">{{Cite journal
  |last=Chambers
  |first=John M.
  |date=2020
  |title=S, R, and Data Science
  |url=https://journal.r-project.org/archive/2020/RJ-2020-028/index.html
  |journal=The R Journal
  |language=en
  |volume=12
  |issue=1
  |pages=462–476
  |doi=10.32614/RJ-2020-028
  |issn=2073-4859
  |doi-access=free
  |quote=The R language and related software play a major role in computing for data science. ... R packages provide tools for a wide range of purposes and users.}}</ref>

The [[R package#Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN)|Comprehensive R Archive Network]] (CRAN) was founded in 1997 by Kurt Hornik and Fritz Leisch to host ''R'''s [[source code]], executable files, documentation, and user-created packages.<ref name=":10"/> Its name and scope mimic the [[Comprehensive TeX Archive Network]] and the [[Comprehensive Perl Archive Network]].<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal |last=Hornik |first=Kurt |date=2012 |title=The Comprehensive R Archive Network |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/wics.1212 |journal=WIREs Computational Statistics |language=en |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=394–398 |doi=10.1002/wics.1212 |issn=1939-5108 |s2cid=62231320}}</ref> CRAN originally had three mirrors and 12 contributed packages.<ref>{{cite Q|Q101068595}}<!-- Announce: CRAN -->.</ref> As of June 2024, it has 104 mirrors<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=The Status of CRAN Mirrors |url=https://cran.r-project.org/mirmon_report.html |access-date=2022-12-30 |website=cran.r-project.org}}</ref> and 20,853 contributed packages.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=CRAN - Contributed Packages |url=https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/index.html |access-date=2022-12-29 |website=cran.r-project.org}}</ref> Packages are also available on repositories [https://r-forge.r-project.org/ R-Forge], [https://www.omegahat.net/ Omegahat], and [https://github.com/trending/r GitHub].

The [https://cran.r-project.org/web/views/ Task Views] on the CRAN website lists packages in fields such as finance, genetics, high-performance computing, machine learning, medical imaging, [[meta-analysis]], social sciences, and spatial statistics.

The [[Bioconductor]] project provides packages for genomic data analysis, [[complementary DNA]], [[microarray]], and [[high-throughput sequencing]] methods.

Packages add the capability to implement various statistical techniques such as [[linear]], [[generalized linear model|generalized linear]] and [[Nonlinear system|nonlinear]] modeling, classical [[Statistical hypothesis testing|statistical tests]], [[spatial analysis|spatial]] analysis, [[time-series analysis]], and [[Cluster analysis|clustering]].

An example package is the [[tidyverse]] package. Its focus is having a [[User experience|common interface]] around accessing and processing data contained in a data frame data structure, a two-dimensional table of rows and columns called [[tidy data|"tidy data]]".<ref>[[Hadley Wickham|Wickham, Hadley]] (2014). "Tidy Data" ([https://vita.had.co.nz/papers/tidy-data.pdf PDF]). ''Journal of Statistical Software''. '''59''' (10). [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:10.18637/jss.v059.i10.</ref> Each function in the package is designed to [[Coupling (computer programming)|couple]] together all the other functions in the package.<ref name="rds">{{cite book
  | last1 = Wickham
  | first1 = Hadley
  | last2 = Cetinkaya-Rundel
  | first2 = Mine
  | last3 = Grolemund
  | first3 = Garrett
  | title = R for Data Science, Second Edition
  | publisher = [[O'Reilly Media|O'Reilly]]
  | year = 2023
  | isbn = 978-1-492-09740-2
}}</ref>

Installing a package occurs only once. To install ''tidyverse'':<ref name="rds"/>
<syntaxhighlight lang="rout">
> install.packages("tidyverse")
</syntaxhighlight>

To [[Instance (computer science)|instantiate]] the functions, data, and documentation of a package, execute the <code>library()</code> function. To instantiate ''tidyverse'':{{efn|This displays to [[Standard streams|standard error]] a listing of all the packages that ''tidyverse'' depends upon. It may also display warnings showing two namespace conflicts, which may typically be ignored.}}
<syntaxhighlight lang="rout">
> library(tidyverse)
</syntaxhighlight>

== Interfaces ==
R comes installed with a [[Command-line interface|command line console]]. Available for installation are various [[integrated development environment]]s (IDE). IDEs for R include [https://cran.r-project.org/bin/macosx/ R.app] (OSX/macOS only), [[Rattle GUI]], [[R Commander]], [[RKWard]], [[RStudio]], and [https://tinn-r.org/en/ Tinn-R].

General purpose IDEs that support R include [[Eclipse (software)|Eclipse]] via the [https://marketplace.eclipse.org/content/statet-r/ StatET plugin] and [[Microsoft Visual Studio|Visual Studio]] via [[R Tools for Visual Studio]].

Editors that support R include [[Emacs Speaks Statistics|Emacs]], [[Vim (text editor)|Vim]] via the [https://www.vim.org/scripts/script.php?script_id=2628 Nvim-R plugin], [[Kate (text editor)|Kate]], [[LyX]] via [[Sweave]], [[WinEdt]] ([https://cran.r-project.org/package=RWinEdt website]), and [[Jupyter]] ([https://docs.anaconda.com/anaconda/navigator/tutorials/r-lang/ website]).

Scripting languages that support R include [[Python (programming language)|Python]] ([https://rpy2.github.io website]), [[Perl]] ([https://metacpan.org/module/Statistics::R website]), [[Ruby (programming language)|Ruby]] ([https://github.com/alexgutteridge/rsruby source code]), [[F Sharp (programming language)|F#]] ([https://bluemountaincapital.github.io/FSharpRProvider/ website]), and [[Julia (programming language)|Julia]] ([https://github.com/JuliaInterop/RCall.jl source code]).

General purpose programming languages that support R include [[Java (programming language)|Java]] via the [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/Rserve/index.html Rserve socket server], and [[C Sharp (programming language)|.NET C#]] ([https://rdotnet.github.io/rdotnet/ website]).

Statistical frameworks which use R in the background include [[Jamovi]] and [[JASP]].

== Community ==
The R Core Team was founded in 1997 to maintain the ''R'' [[source code]]. The R Foundation for Statistical Computing was founded in April 2003 to provide financial support. The R Consortium is a [[Linux Foundation]] project to develop ''R'' infrastructure.

''[[The R Journal]]'' is an [[open access]], [[academic journal]] which features short to medium-length articles on the use and development of R. It includes articles on packages, programming tips, CRAN news, and foundation news.

The R community hosts many conferences and in-person meetups. These groups include:

* UseR!: an annual international R user conference ([https://www.r-project.org/conferences/ website])
* Directions in Statistical Computing (DSC) ([https://www.r-project.org/conferences/ website])
* [[R-Ladies]]: an organization to promote [[gender diversity]] in the R community ([https://rladies.org website])
* SatRdays: R-focused conferences held on Saturdays ([https://satrdays.org/ website])
* R Conference ([https://rstats.ai/ website])
* posit::conf (formerly known as rstudio::conf) ([https://www.posit.co/conference/ website])

== Implementations ==
The main R implementation is written primarily in [[C (programming language)|C]], [[Fortran]], and [[Self-hosting (compilers)|R itself]]. Other implementations include:
* [http://www.pqr-project.org pretty quick R] (pqR), by [[Radford M. Neal]], attempts to improve memory management.
* [[Renjin]] is an implementation of ''R'' for the [[Java virtual machine|Java Virtual Machine]].
* [https://www.cs.kent.ac.uk/projects/cxxr CXXR] and Riposte<ref>{{cite book
  |last1=Talbot
  |first1=Justin
  |last2=DeVito
  |first2=Zachary
  |last3=Hanrahan
  |first3=Pat
  |title=Proceedings of the 21st international conference on Parallel architectures and compilation techniques 
  |chapter=Riposte: A trace-driven compiler and parallel VM for vector code in R
  |date=1 January 2012
  |pages=43–52
  |doi=10.1145/2370816.2370825
  |publisher=ACM
  |isbn=9781450311823
  |s2cid=1989369}}</ref> are implementations of ''R'' written in [[C++]].
* [[Oracle Corporation|Oracle's]] [https://github.com/oracle/fastr FastR] is an implementation of ''R'', built on [https://www.graalvm.org/ GraalVM].
* [[TIBCO Software]], creator of [[S-PLUS]], wrote TERR — an ''R'' implementation to integrate with [[Spotfire]].<ref>Jackson, Joab (16 May 2013). [http://www.pcworld.com/article/2038944/tibco-offers-free-r-to-the-enterprise.html TIBCO offers free R to the enterprise]. ''PC World''. Retrieved 20 July 2015.</ref>

Microsoft R Open (MRO) was an ''R'' implementation. As of 30 June 2021, Microsoft started to phase out MRO in favor of the CRAN distribution.<ref>{{cite web
  |title=Looking to the future for R in Azure SQL and SQL Server
  |date=30 June 2021
  |access-date=November 7, 2021
  |url= https://cloudblogs.microsoft.com/sqlserver/2021/06/30/looking-to-the-future-for-r-in-azure-sql-and-sql-server/}}</ref>

== Commercial support ==
{{anchor|Commercialised versions of R|Commercialized versions of R}} <!--used in https://cran.r-project.org/doc/FAQ/R-FAQ.html#What-is-R_002dplus_003f-->

Although R is an [[open-source]] project, some companies provide commercial support:
* [[Revolution Analytics]] provides commercial support for Revolution R.
* [[Oracle Corporation|Oracle]] provides commercial support for the ''Big Data Appliance'', which integrates R into its other products.
* [[IBM]] provides commercial support for in-[[Hadoop]] execution of R.

== Examples ==
=== Hello, World!===
[["Hello, World!" program]]:
<syntaxhighlight lang="rout">
> print("Hello, World!")
[1] "Hello, World!"
</syntaxhighlight>

=== Basic syntax ===
The following examples illustrate the basic [[programming language syntax|syntax of the language]] and use of the command-line interface. (An expanded list of standard language features can be found in the R manual, "An Introduction to R".<ref>{{Cite web|title=An Introduction to R. Notes on R: A Programming Environment for Data Analysis and Graphics|url=https://cran.r-project.org/doc/manuals/R-intro.pdf|access-date=2021-01-03}}</ref>)

In R, the generally preferred [[Assignment (computer science)|assignment operator]] is an arrow made from two characters <code><-</code>, although <code>=</code> can be used in some cases.<ref>{{cite web|author=R Development Core Team|title=Assignments with the = Operator|url=https://developer.r-project.org/equalAssign.html|access-date=2018-09-11}}</ref>

<syntaxhighlight lang="rout">
> x <- 1:6 # Create a numeric vector in the current environment
> y <- x^2 # Create vector based on the values in x.
> print(y) # Print the vector’s contents.
[1]  1  4  9 16 25 36

> z <- x + y # Create a new vector that is the sum of x and y
> z # Return the contents of z to the current environment.
[1]  2  6 12 20 30 42

> z_matrix <- matrix(z, nrow = 3) # Create a new matrix that turns the vector z into a 3x2 matrix object
> z_matrix 
     [,1] [,2]
[1,]    2   20
[2,]    6   30
[3,]   12   42

> 2 * t(z_matrix) - 2 # Transpose the matrix, multiply every element by 2, subtract 2 from each element in the matrix, and return the results to the terminal.
     [,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,]    2   10   22
[2,]   38   58   82

> new_df <- data.frame(t(z_matrix), row.names = c("A", "B")) # Create a new data.frame object that contains the data from a transposed z_matrix, with row names 'A' and 'B'
> names(new_df) <- c("X", "Y", "Z") # Set the column names of new_df as X, Y, and Z.
> print(new_df)  # Print the current results.
   X  Y  Z
A  2  6 12
B 20 30 42

> new_df$Z # Output the Z column
[1] 12 42

> new_df$Z == new_df['Z'] && new_df[3] == new_df$Z # The data.frame column Z can be accessed using $Z, ['Z'], or [3] syntax and the values are the same. 
[1] TRUE

> attributes(new_df) # Print attributes information about the new_df object
$names
[1] "X" "Y" "Z"

$row.names
[1] "A" "B"

$class
[1] "data.frame"

> attributes(new_df)$row.names <- c("one", "two") # Access and then change the row.names attribute; can also be done using rownames()
> new_df
     X  Y  Z
one  2  6 12
two 20 30 42

</syntaxhighlight>

=== Structure of a function ===
One of R's strengths is the ease of creating new functions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statmethods.net/management/userfunctions.html|title=Quick-R: User-Defined Functions|first=Robert|last=Kabacoff|year=2012|access-date=2018-09-28|website=statmethods.net}}</ref> Objects in the function body remain local to the function, and any data type may be returned. In R, almost all functions and all user-defined functions are [[closure (computer programming)|closures]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://adv-r.had.co.nz/Functional-programming.html#closures|title=Advanced R - Functional programming - Closures|website=adv-r.had.co.nz|first=Hadley|last=Wickham}}</ref>

Create a function:
<syntaxhighlight lang="r">
# The input parameters are x and y.
# The function returns a linear combination of x and y.
f <- function(x, y) {
  z <- 3 * x + 4 * y

  # this return() statement is optional
  return(z)
}
</syntaxhighlight>

Usage output:
<syntaxhighlight lang="rout">
> f(1, 2)
[1] 11

> f(c(1, 2, 3), c(5, 3, 4))
[1] 23 18 25

> f(1:3, 4)
[1] 19 22 25
</syntaxhighlight>

It is possible to define functions to be used as [[Infix notation|infix operators]] with the special syntax <code>`%name%`</code> where "name" is the function variable name:
<syntaxhighlight lang="rout">
> `%sumx2y2%` <- function(e1, e2) {e1 ^ 2 + e2 ^ 2}
> 1:3 %sumx2y2% -(1:3)
[1]  2  8 18 
</syntaxhighlight>

Since version 4.1.0 functions can be written in a short notation, which is useful for passing anonymous functions to higher-order functions:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cran.r-project.org/doc/manuals/r-release/NEWS.html#:~:text=R%20now%20provides%20a%20shorthand%20notation%20for%20creating%20functions|title=NEWS|website=r-project.org}}</ref> 
<syntaxhighlight lang="rout">
> sapply(1:5, \(i) i^2)    # here \(i) is the same as function(i) 
[1]  1  4  9 16 25
</syntaxhighlight>

=== Native pipe operator ===
In R version 4.1.0, a native [[Pipeline (computing)|pipe operator]], <code>|></code>, was introduced.<ref>{{Cite web |title=R: R News |url=https://cran.r-project.org/doc/manuals/r-devel/NEWS.html |access-date=2024-03-14 |website=cran.r-project.org}}</ref> This operator allows users to chain functions together one after another, instead of a nested function call.

<syntaxhighlight lang="rout">
> nrow(subset(mtcars, cyl == 4)) # Nested without the pipe character
[1] 11

> mtcars |> subset(cyl == 4) |> nrow() # Using the pipe character
[1] 11
</syntaxhighlight>

Another alternative to nested functions, in contrast to using the pipe character, is using intermediate objects. However, some argue that using the pipe operator will produce code that is easier to read.<ref name="rds" />

<syntaxhighlight lang="rout">
> mtcars_subset_rows <- subset(mtcars, cyl == 4)
> num_mtcars_subset <- nrow(mtcars_subset_rows)
> print(num_mtcars_subset)
[1] 11
</syntaxhighlight>

=== Object-oriented programming ===
The R language has native support for [[object-oriented programming]]. There are two native frameworks, the so-called S3 and S4 systems. The former, being more informal, supports single dispatch on the first argument and objects are assigned to a class by just setting a "class" attribute in each object. The latter is a [[CLOS|Common Lisp Object System (CLOS)-like system]] of formal classes (also derived from [[S_(programming_language)#S4|S]]) and generic methods that supports [[multiple dispatch]] and [[multiple inheritance]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stat.ethz.ch/R-manual/R-devel/library/base/html/UseMethod.html|title=Class Methods|access-date=2024-04-25}}</ref>

In the example, <code>summary</code> is a [[generic function]] that dispatches to different methods depending on whether its argument is a numeric vector or a "factor":
<syntaxhighlight lang="rout">
> data <- c("a", "b", "c", "a", NA)
> summary(data)
   Length     Class      Mode 
        5 character character 
> summary(as.factor(data))
   a    b    c NA's 
   2    1    1    1 
</syntaxhighlight>

=== Modeling and plotting ===
[[File:Plots from lm example.svg|right|thumb|200px|Diagnostic plots from plotting “model” (q.v. “plot.lm()” function). Notice the mathematical notation allowed in labels (lower left plot).]]
The R language has built-in support for data modeling and graphics. The following example shows how R can generate and plot a linear model with residuals.
<syntaxhighlight lang="r">
# Create x and y values
x <- 1:6
y <- x^2

# Linear regression model y = A + B * x
model <- lm(y ~ x)

# Display an in-depth summary of the model
summary(model)

# Create a 2 by 2 layout for figures
par(mfrow = c(2, 2))

# Output diagnostic plots of the model
plot(model)
</syntaxhighlight>

Output:
<syntaxhighlight lang="rout">
Residuals:
      1       2       3       4       5       6       7       8      9      10
 3.3333 -0.6667 -2.6667 -2.6667 -0.6667  3.3333

Coefficients:
            Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)   
(Intercept)  -9.3333     2.8441  -3.282 0.030453 * 
x             7.0000     0.7303   9.585 0.000662 ***
---
Signif. codes:  0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1

Residual standard error: 3.055 on 4 degrees of freedom
Multiple R-squared:  0.9583, Adjusted R-squared:  0.9478
F-statistic: 91.88 on 1 and 4 DF,  p-value: 0.000662
</syntaxhighlight>

=== Mandelbrot set ===
[[File:Mandelbrot Creation Animation.gif|thumb|200px|"Mandelbrot.gif" graphic created in R. (Note: Colors differ from actual output.)]]
This [[Mandelbrot set]] example highlights the use of [[complex numbers]]. It models the first 20 iterations of the equation <code>z = z<sup>2</sup> + c</code>, where <code>c</code> represents different complex constants.

Install the package that provides the <code>write.gif()</code> function beforehand:
<syntaxhighlight lang="r">
install.packages("caTools")
</syntaxhighlight>

R Source code:
<syntaxhighlight lang="r">
library(caTools)

jet.colors <-
    colorRampPalette(
        c("green", "pink", "#007FFF", "cyan", "#7FFF7F",
          "white", "#FF7F00", "red", "#7F0000"))

dx <- 1500 # define width
dy <- 1400 # define height

C  <-
    complex(
            real = rep(seq(-2.2, 1.0, length.out = dx), each = dy),
            imag = rep(seq(-1.2, 1.2, length.out = dy), times = dx)
            )

# reshape as matrix of complex numbers
C <- matrix(C, dy, dx)

# initialize output 3D array
X <- array(0, c(dy, dx, 20))

Z <- 0

# loop with 20 iterations
for (k in 1:20) {

  # the central difference equation
  Z <- Z^2 + C

  # capture the results
  X[, , k] <- exp(-abs(Z))
}

write.gif(
    X,
    "Mandelbrot.gif",
    col = jet.colors,
    delay = 100)
</syntaxhighlight>

== Version names ==
[[File:CD of R 1 0 0.png|alt=A CD with autographs on it|thumb|CD of R Version 1.0.0, autographed by the core team of R, photographed R in Quebec City in 2019|180x180px]]
All R version releases from 2.14.0 onward have [[Code name|codenames]] that make reference to [[Peanuts]] comics and films.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Monkman |first=Martin |url=https://bookdown.org/martin_monkman/DataScienceResources_book/r-release-names.html |title=Chapter 5 R Release Names {{!}} Data Science with R: A Resource Compendium}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=McGowan |first=Lucy D’Agostino |date=2017-09-28 |title=R release names |url=https://livefreeordichotomize.com/posts/2017-09-28-r-release-names/index.html |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=livefreeordichotomize.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=r-hub/rversions |date=2024-02-29 |url=https://github.com/r-hub/rversions |access-date=2024-04-07 |publisher=The R-hub project of the R Consortium}}</ref>

In 2018, core R developer Peter Dalgaard presented a history of R releases since 1997.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Dalgaard |first=Peter |date=2018-07-15 |title=What's in a name? 20 years of R release management |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z1vTSdRolgI |access-date=2024-04-09 |website=[[YouTube]] |format=video}}</ref> Some notable early releases before the named releases include:

* Version 1.0.0 released on February 29, 2000 (2000-02-29), a [[Leap days|leap day]]
* Version 2.0.0 released on October 4, 2004 (2004-10-04), "which at least had a nice ring to it"<ref name=":2" />

The idea of naming R version releases was inspired by the [[Debian version history|Debian]] and [[Ubuntu version history|Ubuntu]] version naming system. Dalgaard also noted that another reason for the use of Peanuts references for R codenames is because, "everyone in statistics is a [[P-value|P-nut]]".<ref name=":2" />
{| class="wikitable"
|+R release codenames
!Version
!Release date
!Name
!Peanuts reference
!Reference
|-
|4.4.1
|2024-06-14
|Race for Your Life
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=1977-08-03 |title=Race for Your Life, Charlie Brown |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0076591/ |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=IMDB |language=en}}</ref>
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=R 4.4.1 is released |url=https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2024/000704.html |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=stat.ethz.ch}}</ref>
|-
|4.4.0
|2024-04-24
|Puppy Cup
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schulz |first=Charles |date=1980-06-29 |title=Peanuts by Charles Schulz for June 29, 1980 {{!}} GoComics.com |url=https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1973/03/16 |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=GoComics |language=en}}</ref>
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=R 4.4.0 is released |url=https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2024/000701.html |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=stat.ethz.ch}}</ref>
|-
|4.3.3
|2024-02-29
|Angel Food Cake
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schulz |first=Charles |date=1980-06-29 |title=Peanuts by Charles Schulz for June 29, 1980 {{!}} GoComics.com |url=https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1980/06/29 |access-date=2024-04-09 |website=GoComics |language=en}}</ref>
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=R 4.3.3 is released |url=https://hypatia.math.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2024/000699.html |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=hypatia.math.ethz.ch}}</ref>
|-
|4.3.2
|2023-10-31
|Eye Holes
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schulz |first=Charles |date=1996-10-31 |title=Peanuts by Charles Schulz for October 31, 1996 {{!}} GoComics.com |url=https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1996/10/31 |access-date=2024-04-09 |website=GoComics |language=en}}</ref>
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=[Rd] R 4.3.2 is released |url=https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2023/000697.html |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=stat.ethz.ch}}</ref>
|-
|4.3.1
|2023-06-16
|Beagle Scouts
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schulz |first=Charles |date=1979-04-28 |title=Peanuts by Charles Schulz for April 28, 1979 {{!}} GoComics.com |url=https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1979/04/28 |access-date=2024-04-09 |website=GoComics |language=en}}</ref>
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=[Rd] R 4.3.1 is released |url=https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2023/000694.html |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=stat.ethz.ch}}</ref>
|-
|4.3.0
|2023-04-21
|Already Tomorrow
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schulz |first=Charles |date=1980-06-13 |title=Peanuts by Charles Schulz for June 13, 1980 {{!}} GoComics.com |url=https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1980/06/13 |access-date=2024-04-09 |website=GoComics |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Schulz |first=Charles |date=1980-06-16 |title=Peanuts by Charles Schulz for June 16, 1980 {{!}} GoComics.com |url=https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1980/06/16 |access-date=2024-04-09 |website=GoComics |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Schulz |first=Charles |date=1964-11-26 |title=Peanuts by Charles Schulz for November 26, 1964 {{!}} GoComics.com |url=https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1964/11/26 |access-date=2024-04-09 |website=GoComics |language=en}}</ref>
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=[Rd] R 4.3.0 is released |url=https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2023/000691.html |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=stat.ethz.ch}}</ref>
|-
|4.2.3
|2023-03-15
|Shortstop Beagle
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schulz |first=Charles |date=2001-03-30 |title=Peanuts by Charles Schulz for March 30, 2001 {{!}} GoComics.com |url=https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/2001/03/30 |access-date=2024-04-09 |website=GoComics |language=en}}</ref>
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=[Rd] R 4.2.3 is released |url=https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2023/000689.html |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=stat.ethz.ch}}</ref>
|-
|4.2.2
|2022-10-31
|Innocent and Trusting
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schulz |first=Charles |date=1962-10-30 |title=Peanuts by Charles Schulz for October 30, 1962 {{!}} GoComics.com |url=https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1962/10/30 |access-date=2024-04-09 |website=GoComics |language=en}}</ref>
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=[Rd] R 4.2.2 is released |url=https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2022/000686.html |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=stat.ethz.ch}}</ref>
|-
|4.2.1
|2022-06-23
|Funny-Looking Kid
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schulz |first=Charles |date=1970-11-22 |title=Peanuts by Charles Schulz for November 22, 1970 {{!}} GoComics.com |url=https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1970/11/22 |access-date=2024-04-09 |website=GoComics |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Schulz |first=Charles |date=1971-07-29 |title=Peanuts by Charles Schulz for July 29, 1971 {{!}} GoComics.com |url=https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1971/07/29 |access-date=2024-04-09 |website=GoComics |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Schulz |first=Charles |date=1969-09-25 |title=Peanuts by Charles Schulz for September 25, 1969 {{!}} GoComics.com |url=https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1969/09/25 |access-date=2024-04-09 |website=GoComics |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Schulz |first=Charles |date=1973-10-13 |title=Peanuts by Charles Schulz for October 13, 1973 {{!}} GoComics.com |url=https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1973/10/13 |access-date=2024-04-09 |website=GoComics |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Schulz |first=Charles |date=1974-02-08 |title=Peanuts by Charles Schulz for February 08, 1974 {{!}} GoComics.com |url=https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1974/02/08 |access-date=2024-04-09 |website=GoComics |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Schulz |first=Charles |date=1970-01-08 |title=Peanuts by Charles Schulz for January 08, 1970 {{!}} GoComics.com |url=https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1970/01/08 |access-date=2024-04-09 |website=GoComics |language=en}}</ref>
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=[Rd] R 4.2.1 is released |url=https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2022/000685.html |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=stat.ethz.ch}}</ref>
|-
|4.2.0
|2022-04-22
|Vigorous Calisthenics
|<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Schulz |first=Charles |date=1967-03-06 |title=Peanuts by Charles Schulz for March 06, 1967 {{!}} GoComics.com |url=https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1967/03/06 |access-date=2024-04-09 |website=GoComics |language=en}}</ref>
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=[Rd] R 4.2.0 is released |url=https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2022/000683.html |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=stat.ethz.ch}}</ref>
|-
|4.1.3
|2022-03-10
|One Push-Up
|<ref name=":1" />
|<ref name="Rd R 4.1.2 is released">{{Cite web |title=[Rd] R 4.1.2 is released |url=https://hypatia.math.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2021/000677.html |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=hypatia.math.ethz.ch}}</ref>
|-
|4.1.2
|2021-11-01
|Bird Hippie
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schulz |first=Charles |date=1967-11-01 |title=Peanuts by Charles Schulz for November 01, 1967 {{!}} GoComics.com |url=https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1967/11/01 |access-date=2024-04-09 |website=GoComics |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Schulz |first=Charles |date=1967-07-12 |title=Peanuts by Charles Schulz for July 12, 1967 {{!}} GoComics.com |url=https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1967/07/12 |access-date=2024-04-09 |website=GoComics |language=en}}</ref>
|<ref name="Rd R 4.1.2 is released"/>
|-
|4.1.1
|2021-08-10
|Kick Things
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schulz |first=Charles |date=1978-05-17 |title=Peanuts by Charles Schulz for May 17, 1978 {{!}} GoComics.com |url=https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1978/05/17 |access-date=2024-04-09 |website=GoComics |language=en}}</ref>
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=[Rd] R 4.1.1 is released |url=https://hypatia.math.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2021/000672.html |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=hypatia.math.ethz.ch}}</ref>
|-
|4.1.0
|2021-05-18
|Camp Pontanezen
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schulz |first=Charles |date=1986-02-12 |title=Peanuts by Charles Schulz for February 12, 1986 {{!}} GoComics.com |url=https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1986/02/12 |access-date=2024-04-08 |website=GoComics |language=en}}</ref>
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=[Rd] R 4.1.0 is released |url=https://hypatia.math.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2021/000670.html |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=hypatia.math.ethz.ch}}</ref>
|-
|4.0.5
|2021-03-31
|Shake and Throw
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schulz |first=Charles |date=1978-07-30 |title=Peanuts by Charles Schulz for July 30, 1978 {{!}} GoComics.com |url=https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1978/07/30 |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=GoComics |language=en}}</ref>
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=[Rd] R 4.0.5 is released |url=https://hypatia.math.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2021/000668.html |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=hypatia.math.ethz.ch}}</ref>
|-
|4.0.4
|2021-02-15
|Lost Library Book
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schulz |first=Charles |date=1959-03-02 |title=Peanuts by Charles Schulz for March 02, 1959 {{!}} GoComics.com |url=https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1959/03/02 |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=GoComics |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Schulz |first=Charles |date=2006-02-27 |title=Peanuts by Charles Schulz for February 27, 2006 {{!}} GoComics.com |url=https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/2006/02/27 |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=GoComics |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Schulz |first=Charles |date=1959-03-13 |title=Peanuts by Charles Schulz for March 13, 1959 {{!}} GoComics.com |url=https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1959/03/13 |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=GoComics |language=en}}</ref>
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=[Rd] R 4.0.4 scheduled for February 15 |url=https://hypatia.math.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2021/000664.html |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=hypatia.math.ethz.ch}}</ref>
|-
|4.0.3
|2020-10-10
|Bunny-Wunnies Freak Out
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schulz |first=Charles |date=1972-10-23 |title=Peanuts by Charles Schulz for October 23, 1972 {{!}} GoComics.com |url=https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1972/10/23 |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=GoComics |language=en}}</ref>
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=[Rd] R 4.0.3 is released |url=https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2020/000662.html |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=stat.ethz.ch}}</ref>
|-
|4.0.2
|2020-06-22
|Taking Off Again
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schulz |first=Charles |date=1962-04-14 |title=Peanuts by Charles Schulz for April 14, 1962 {{!}} GoComics.com |url=https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1962/04/14 |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=GoComics |language=en}}</ref>
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=R 4.0.2 is released |url=https://hypatia.math.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2020/000658.html |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=hypatia.math.ethz.ch}}</ref>
|-
|4.0.1
|2020-06-06
|See Things Now
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schulz |first=Charles |date=1962-02-06 |title=Peanuts by Charles Schulz for February 06, 1962 {{!}} GoComics.com |url=https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1962/02/06 |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=GoComics |language=en}}</ref>
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=R 4.0.1 is released |url=https://hypatia.math.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2020/000655.html |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=hypatia.math.ethz.ch}}</ref>
|-
|4.0.0
|2020-04-24
|Arbor Day
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schulz |first=Charles |date=1970-04-24 |title=Peanuts by Charles Schulz for April 24, 1970 {{!}} GoComics.com |url=https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1970/04/24 |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=GoComics |language=en}}</ref>
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=R 4.0.0 is released |url=https://hypatia.math.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2020/000653.html |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=hypatia.math.ethz.ch}}</ref>
|-
|3.6.3
|2020-02-29
|Holding the Windsock
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schulz |first=Charles |date=2000-02-29 |title=Peanuts by Charles Schulz for February 29, 2000 {{!}} GoComics.com |url=https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/2000/02/29 |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=GoComics |language=en}}</ref>
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=R 3.6.3 is released |url=https://hypatia.math.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2020/000650.html |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=hypatia.math.ethz.ch}}</ref>
|-
|3.6.2
|2019-12-12
|Dark and Stormy Night
|See [[It was a dark and stormy night#Literature]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schulz |first=Charles |date=1965-07-12 |title=Peanuts by Charles Schulz for July 12, 1965 {{!}} GoComics.com |url=https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1965/07/12 |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=GoComics |language=en}}</ref>
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=R 3.6.2 is released |url=https://hypatia.math.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2019/000647.html |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=hypatia.math.ethz.ch}}</ref>
|-
|3.6.1
|2019-07-05
|Action of the Toes
|<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |last=Schulz |first=Charles |date=1971-03-22 |title=Peanuts by Charles Schulz for March 22, 1971 {{!}} GoComics.com |url=https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1971/03/22 |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=GoComics |language=en}}</ref>
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=R 3.6.1 is released |url=https://hypatia.math.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2019/000643.html |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=hypatia.math.ethz.ch}}</ref>
|-
|3.6.0
|2019-04-26
|Planting of a Tree
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schulz |first=Charles |date=1963-03-03 |title=Peanuts by Charles Schulz for March 03, 1963 {{!}} GoComics.com |url=https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1963/03/03 |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=GoComics |language=en}}</ref>
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=R 3.6.0 is released |url=https://hypatia.math.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2019/000641.html |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=hypatia.math.ethz.ch}}</ref>
|-
|3.5.3
|2019-03-11
|Great Truth
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schulz |first=Charles |date=1959-03-11 |title=Peanuts by Charles Schulz for March 11, 1959 {{!}} GoComics.com |url=https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1959/03/11 |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=GoComics |language=en}}</ref>
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=R 3.5.3 is released |url=https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2019/000638.html |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=stat.ethz.ch}}</ref>
|-
|3.5.2
|2018-12-20
|Eggshell Igloos
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schulz |first=Charles |date=1960-01-25 |title=Peanuts by Charles Schulz for January 25, 1960 {{!}} GoComics.com |url=https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1960/01/25 |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=GoComics |language=en}}</ref>
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=R 3.5.2 is released |url=https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2018/000634.html |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=stat.ethz.ch}}</ref>
|-
|3.5.1
|2018-07-02
|Feather Spray
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schulz |first=Charles |date=1972-03-09 |title=Peanuts by Charles Schulz for March 09, 1972 {{!}} GoComics.com |url=https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1972/03/09 |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=GoComics |language=en}}</ref>
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=R 3.5.1 is released |url=https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2018/000630.html |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=stat.ethz.ch}}</ref>
|-
|3.5.0
|2018-04-23
|Joy in Playing
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schulz |first=Charles |date=1973-01-27 |title=Peanuts by Charles Schulz for January 27, 1973 {{!}} GoComics.com |url=https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1973/01/27 |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=GoComics |language=en}}</ref>
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=R 3.5.0 is released |url=https://hypatia.math.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2018/000628.html |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=hypatia.math.ethz.ch}}</ref>
|-
|3.4.4
|2018-03-15
|Someone to Lean On
|<ref>https://collectpeanuts.com/Collection/ImagesW/Plaques/201405/IMG_4892.jpg</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]]).|date=April 2024}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=R 3.4.4 is released |url=https://hypatia.math.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2018/000626.html |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=hypatia.math.ethz.ch}}</ref>
|-
|3.4.3
|2017-11-30
|Kite-Eating Tree
|See [[Kite-Eating Tree]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schulz |first=Charles |date=1967-02-19 |title=Peanuts by Charles Schulz for February 19, 1967 {{!}} GoComics.com |url=https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1967/02/19 |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=GoComics |language=en}}</ref>
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=R 3.4.3 is released |url=https://hypatia.math.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2017/000623.html |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=hypatia.math.ethz.ch}}</ref>
|-
|3.4.2
|2017-09-28
|Short Summer
|See [[It Was a Short Summer, Charlie Brown]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=R 3.4.2 is released |url=https://hypatia.math.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2017/000619.html |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=hypatia.math.ethz.ch}}</ref>
|-
|3.4.1
|2017-06-30
|Single Candle
|<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=Schulz |first=Charles |date=1965-09-09 |title=Peanuts by Charles Schulz for September 09, 1965 {{!}} GoComics.com |url=https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1965/09/09 |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=GoComics |language=en}}</ref>
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=R 3.4.1 is released |url=https://hypatia.math.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2017/000616.html |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=hypatia.math.ethz.ch}}</ref>
|-
|3.4.0
|2017-04-21
|You Stupid Darkness
|<ref name="auto"/>
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=R 3.4.0 is released |url=https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2017/000612.html |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=stat.ethz.ch}}</ref>
|-
|3.3.3
|2017-03-06
|Another Canoe
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schulz |first=Charles |date=1966-06-29 |title=Peanuts by Charles Schulz for June 29, 1966 {{!}} GoComics.com |url=https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1966/06/29 |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=GoComics |language=en}}</ref>
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=[R] R 3.3.3 is released |url=https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2017/000611.html |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=stat.ethz.ch}}</ref>
|-
|3.3.2
|2016-10-31
|Sincere Pumpkin Patch
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schulz |first=Charles |date=1968-10-30 |title=Peanuts by Charles Schulz for October 30, 1968 {{!}} GoComics.com |url=https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1968/10/30 |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=GoComics |language=en}}</ref>
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=[R] R 3.3.2 is released |url=https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2016/000608.html |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=stat.ethz.ch}}</ref>
|-
|3.3.1
|2016-06-21
|Bug in Your Hair
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schulz |first=Charles |date=1967-06-15 |title=Peanuts by Charles Schulz for June 15, 1967 {{!}} GoComics.com |url=https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1967/06/15 |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=GoComics |language=en}}</ref>
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=[R] R 3.3.1 is released |url=https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2016/000604.html |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=stat.ethz.ch}}</ref>
|-
|3.3.0
|2016-05-03
|Supposedly Educational
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schulz |first=Charles |date=1971-05-07 |title=Peanuts by Charles Schulz for May 07, 1971 {{!}} GoComics.com |url=https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1971/05/07 |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=GoComics |language=en}}</ref>
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=[R] R 3.3.0 is released |url=https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2016/000602.html |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=stat.ethz.ch}}</ref>
|-
|3.2.5
|2016-04-11
|Very, Very Secure Dishes
|<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Schulz |first=Charles |date=1964-02-20 |title=Peanuts by Charles Schulz for February 20, 1964 {{!}} GoComics.com |url=https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1964/02/20 |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=GoComics |language=en}}</ref>
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=VERSION-NICK |url=https://svn.r-project.org/R/tags/R-3-2-5/VERSION-NICK |access-date=2024-04-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=R 3.2.5 is released |url=https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2016/000601.html |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=stat.ethz.ch}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=R 3.2.4-revised is released |url=https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2016/000598.html |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=stat.ethz.ch}}</ref>
|-
|3.2.4
|2016-03-11
|Very Secure Dishes
|<ref name=":0" />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=R 3.2.4 is released |url=https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2016/000597.html |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=stat.ethz.ch}}</ref>
|-
|3.2.3
|2015-12-10
|Wooden Christmas-Tree
|See [[A Charlie Brown Christmas]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schulz |first=Charles |date=1980-12-18 |title=Peanuts by Charles Schulz for December 18, 1980 {{!}} GoComics.com |url=https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1980/12/18 |access-date=2024-04-09 |website=GoComics |language=en}}</ref>
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=R 3.2.3 is released |url=https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2015/000593.html |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=stat.ethz.ch}}</ref>
|-
|3.2.2
|2015-08-14
|Fire Safety
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=MarketScreener |date=2008-10-07 |title=METLIFE : Brush Up on Fire Safety Basics -October 07, 2008 at 04:03 pm EDT {{!}} MarketScreener |url=https://www.marketscreener.com/quote/stock/METLIFE-INC-13496/news/METLIFE-Brush-Up-on-Fire-Safety-Basics-586095/ |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=www.marketscreener.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2005-10-12 |title=MetLife Advises People to Brush Up on Fire Safety Basics to Stay Safe |url=https://www.claimsjournal.com/news/national/2005/10/13/60817.htm |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=Claims Journal |language=en-US}}</ref>
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=R 3.2.2 is released |url=https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2015/000589.html |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=stat.ethz.ch}}</ref>
|-
|3.2.1
|2015-06-18
|World-Famous Astronaut
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schulz |first=Charles |date=1969-03-10 |title=Peanuts by Charles Schulz for March 10, 1969 {{!}} GoComics.com |url=https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1969/03/10 |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=GoComics |language=en}}</ref>
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=[R] R 3.2.1 liftoff |url=https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2015/000586.html |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=stat.ethz.ch}}</ref>
|-
|3.2.0
|2015-04-16
|Full of Ingredients
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schulz |first=Charles |date=1966-04-07 |title=Peanuts by Charles Schulz for April 07, 1966 {{!}} GoComics.com |url=https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1966/04/07 |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=GoComics |language=en}}</ref>
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=[R] R 3.2.0 is released |url=https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2015/000583.html |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=stat.ethz.ch}}</ref>
|-
|3.1.3
|2015-03-09
|Smooth Sidewalk
|<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schulz |first=Charles M. |title=Happiness is a warm puppy |date=2019 |publisher=New York : Penguin Workshop |isbn=978-1-5247-8995-4}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=April 2024}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=R 3.1.3 is released |url=https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2015/000582.html |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=stat.ethz.ch}}</ref>
|-
|3.1.2
|2014-10-31
|Pumpkin Helmet
|See [[You're a Good Sport, Charlie Brown]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=[R] R 3.1.2 is released |url=https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2014/000578.html |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=stat.ethz.ch}}</ref>
|-
|3.1.1
|2014-07-10
|Sock it to Me
|<ref>https://i.ebayimg.com/images/g/9XoAAOSwI51iIBwR/s-l1600.webp</ref><ref>https://cdn11.bigcommerce.com/s-qc6bb7/images/stencil/1280x1280/products/11697/21379/pzl7274__10391.1456100538.jpg?c=2</ref><ref>https://i.etsystatic.com/12512391/r/il/23f45c/5091663835/il_680x540.5091663835_dqpa.jpg</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://collectpeanuts.com/toys/games-puzzles/puzzles/springbok/#foobox-1/14/IMG_1586.jpg?ssl=1 | title=Peanuts Springbok Puzzles }}</ref>
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=[R] R 3.1.1 is released |url=https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2014/000575.html |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=stat.ethz.ch}}</ref>
|-
|3.1.0
|2014-04-10
|Spring Dance
|<ref name="auto1"/>
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=[R] R 3.1.0 is released |url=https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2014/000572.html |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=stat.ethz.ch}}</ref>
|-
|3.0.3
|2014-03-06
|Warm Puppy
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schulz |first=Charles |date=1965-01-11 |title=Peanuts by Charles Schulz for January 11, 1965 {{!}} GoComics.com |url=https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1965/01/11 |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=GoComics |language=en}}</ref>
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=R 3.0.3 is released |url=https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2014/000569.html |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=stat.ethz.ch}}</ref>
|-
|3.0.2
|2013-09-25
|Frisbee Sailing
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schulz |first=Charles |date=1971-09-03 |title=Peanuts by Charles Schulz for September 03, 1971 {{!}} GoComics.com |url=https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1971/09/03 |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=GoComics |language=en}}</ref>
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=R 3.0.2 is released |url=https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2013/000567.html |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=stat.ethz.ch}}</ref>
|-
|3.0.1
|2013-05-16
|Good Sport
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schulz |first=Charles |date=1953-11-22 |title=Peanuts by Charles Schulz for November 22, 1953 {{!}} GoComics.com |url=https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1953/11/22 |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=GoComics |language=en}}</ref>
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=R 3.0.1 is released |url=https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2013/000563.html |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=stat.ethz.ch}}</ref>
|-
|3.0.0
|2013-04-03
|Masked Marvel
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schulz |first=Charles |date=1981-06-23 |title=Peanuts by Charles Schulz for June 23, 1981 {{!}} GoComics.com |url=https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1981/06/23 |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=GoComics |language=en}}</ref>
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=R 3.0.0 is released |url=https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2013/000561.html |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=stat.ethz.ch}}</ref>
|-
|2.15.3
|2013-03-01
|Security Blanket
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schulz |first=Charles |date=1965-10-23 |title=Peanuts by Charles Schulz for October 23, 1965 {{!}} GoComics.com |url=https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1965/10/23 |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=GoComics |language=en}}</ref>
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=R 2.15.3 is released |url=https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2013/000560.html |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=stat.ethz.ch}}</ref>
|-
|2.15.2
|2012-10-26
|Trick or Treat
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schulz |first=Charles |date=1969-10-31 |title=Peanuts by Charles Schulz for October 31, 1969 {{!}} GoComics.com |url=https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1969/10/31 |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=GoComics |language=en}}</ref>
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=R 2.15.2 is released |url=https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2012/000557.html |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=stat.ethz.ch}}</ref>
|-
|2.15.1
|2012-06-22
|Roasted Marshmallows
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schulz |first=Charles |date=1987-06-06 |title=Peanuts by Charles Schulz for June 06, 1987 {{!}} GoComics.com |url=https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1987/06/06 |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=GoComics |language=en}}</ref>
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=R 2.15.1 is released |url=https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2012/000554.html |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=stat.ethz.ch}}</ref>
|-
|2.15.0
|2012-03-30
|Easter Beagle
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schulz |first=Charles |date=1971-04-11 |title=Peanuts by Charles Schulz for April 11, 1971 {{!}} GoComics.com |url=https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1971/04/11 |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=GoComics |language=en}}</ref>
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=R 2.15.0 is released |url=https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2012/000551.html |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=stat.ethz.ch}}</ref>
|-
|2.14.2
|2012-02-29
|Gift-Getting Season
|See [[It's the Easter Beagle, Charlie Brown]]<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0071679/quotes/ |title=It's the Easter Beagle, Charlie Brown! (TV Short 1974) - Quotes - IMDb |language=en-US |access-date=2024-04-08 |via=www.imdb.com}}</ref>
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=R 2.14.2 is released + R anniversary |url=https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2012/000550.html |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=stat.ethz.ch}}</ref>
|-
|2.14.1
|2011-12-22
|December Snowflakes
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=McGough |first=Nellah Bailey |date=2023-01-20 |title=Our Favorite Quotes and Sayings from "A Charlie Brown Christmas" |url=https://www.southernliving.com/culture/charlie-brown-christmas-quotes |access-date=2024-04-08 |website=Southern Living |language=en}}</ref>
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=R 2.14.1 is released |url=https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2011/000548.html |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=stat.ethz.ch}}</ref>
|-
|2.14.0
|2011-10-31
|Great Pumpkin
|See [[It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schulz |first=Charles |date=1973-10-29 |title=Peanuts by Charles Schulz for October 29, 1973 {{!}} GoComics.com |url=https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1973/10/29 |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=GoComics |language=en}}</ref>
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=R 2.14.0 is released |url=https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2011/000544.html |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=stat.ethz.ch}}</ref>
|-
|r-devel
|N/A
|Unsuffered Consequences
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schulz |first=Charles |date=1967-08-17 |title=Peanuts by Charles Schulz for August 17, 1967 {{!}} GoComics.com |url=https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1967/08/17 |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=GoComics |language=en}}</ref>
|<ref name=":2" />
|}

== See also ==
* [[Comparison of numerical-analysis software]]
* [[Comparison of statistical packages]]
* [[List of numerical-analysis software]]
* [[List of statistical software]]
* [[Rmetrics]]
{{Clear}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite book |last1=Wickham |first1=Hadley |title=R for data science: import, tidy, transform, visualize, and model data |last2=Çetinkaya-Rundel |first2=Mine |last3=Grolemund |first3=Garrett |date=2023 |publisher=[[O'Reilly Media|O'Reilly]] |isbn=978-1-4920-9740-2 |edition=2nd |location=Beijing Boston Farnham Sebastopol Tokyo}}
* {{Cite book |last=Gagolewski |first=Marek |year=2024 |isbn=978-0-6455719-2-9 |title=Deep R Programming |url=https://zenodo.org/record/7490464 |language=en |doi=10.5281/ZENODO.7490464}}

== Portal ==
{{R (programming language)}}
{{GNU}}
{{Numerical analysis software}}
{{Statistical software}}
{{Programming languages}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Portal bar|Computer programming}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

== External links ==
* [https://developer.r-project.org/TechDocs/ R Technical Papers]
* [https://directory.fsf.org/project/gnur/ Free Software Foundation]
* [https://cran.r-project.org/doc/FAQ/R-FAQ.html R FAQ]
* [https://www.bigbookofr.com/ Big Book of R], curated list of R-related programming books
* [https://www.r-project.org/doc/bib/R-books.html Books Related to R - R Project], partially annotated list of books that are related to S or R and may be useful to the R user community

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:R (programming language)| ]]
[[Category:Array programming languages]]
[[Category:Cross-platform free software]]
[[Category:Data mining and machine learning software]]
[[Category:Data-centric programming languages]]
[[Category:Dynamically typed programming languages]]
[[Category:Free plotting software]]
[[Category:Free statistical software]]
[[Category:Functional languages]]
[[Category:GNU Project software]]
[[Category:Literate programming]]
[[Category:Numerical analysis software for Linux]]
[[Category:Numerical analysis software for macOS]]
[[Category:Numerical analysis software for Windows]]
[[Category:Programming languages created in 1993]]
[[Category:Science software]]
[[Category:Statistical programming languages]]
[[Category:Articles with example R code]]